Impacts of Long- and Short-Term of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater and Synthetic Fertilizers on the Growth, Biomass, Heavy Metal Content, and Energy Traits of Three Potential Bioenergy Crops in Arid Regions

The availability of suitable water is an important factor for increasing the cultivated areas and sustainability in arid (i.e., less than 200 mm precipitation per year) semiarid regions 200–700 year). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze impact treated wastewater (TWW) groundwater (GW) as well synthetic fertilizers (50% 100% recommended NPK dose; 150–150–60 kg N–P2O5–K2O ha?1) on growth, biomass, energy traits, macro trace elements maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L) grown old (first location; L1) virgin soil (L2 L3) potential bioenergy crops. L1 has been irrigated with last 15 years continued be investigation. was divided into two parts: first part TWW, second GW. experiments were laid out a split-plot randomized complete block design treatments (TWW soil, GW soil) main plots, fertilization dose) distributed randomly subplots. Compared crops GW, whether or showed higher plant height, total chlorophyll content, leaf area plant, gross low ash. They also contained (but lower permissible limits) concentrations macro-elements (NPK) (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co). In addition, application 50% dose TWW equivalent results all measured parameters few exceptions. conclusion, can used irrigate field allocated production because it does not harm plants environment. fertilizer exerted no negative effects growth crops, thereby protecting environment reducing leaching excessive